The greenhouse effect is an important natural phenomenon that keeps the Earth warm enough to sustain life. Without the greenhouse effect, the average temperature of the Earth would be extremely cold (about -18°C), making it impossible for most life forms to survive. Serious problems have arisen since human activities (starting from the Industrial Revolution) have released large amounts of greenhouse gases—especially CO₂ and CH₄—into the atmosphere in excessive quantities.

Consequences of Global Warming
Global warming causes multiple consequences that threaten the planet and human life:
• Melting ice sheets and rising sea levels: Ice at the Arctic and Antarctic poles, as well as mountain glaciers, are melting, causing sea levels to rise and threatening coastal areas and low-lying islands.
• Extreme weather events: Longer and more severe droughts, frequent and intense floods, stronger hurricanes and cyclones.
• Impacts on ecosystems: Loss of biodiversity, shifts in wildlife and plant habitats, coral bleaching, and threats to entire ecosystems.
• Effects on agriculture and food security: Changes in temperature and rainfall patterns can affect crop yields, leading to food shortages.
• Public health issues: Rising temperatures can lead to the spread of infectious diseases, increased heat-related illnesses, and air pollution problems.

Solutions and Mitigation
To combat excessive greenhouse effect and climate change, joint efforts from all parties are required:
• Reduce greenhouse gas emissions:

    - Switch to renewable energy sources (solar, wind, hydropower).
    - Increase energy efficiency in households, industries, and transportation.
    - Use public or zero-emission transportation (such as cycling, walking).

• Plant and restore forests: Forests act as natural “carbon sinks.”
• Practice sustainable agriculture: Reduce the use of chemical fertilizers and manage waste properly.
• Reduce and recycle waste: Cut down waste that releases methane in landfills.
• International cooperation: Governments must work together to set emission reduction targets and implement effective environmental policies.

Conclusion, the greenhouse effect is a vital natural process for life on Earth. However, human interference through excessive greenhouse gas emissions has turned this natural phenomenon into a major threat. Understanding the greenhouse effect and applying sustainable solutions is the key to ensuring a livable future for our planet.